Historical+and+Social+Context


 * Each group contributes one idea for each of the 10-chapter sections.

· Make sure that the information is saved on a Word document first, and be careful about overwriting each other as you post. · After all contributions have been posted, one group will take responsibility for organizing and refining this page by arranging the information in according to subject.
 * Ideas should be posted in chronological order and include page numbers whenever possible.

Michael Maryanne Shavonne Wendy

//**Age of Enlightment **// >  The 18th century brought social changes to France:
 * "The Age of Enlightenment (or simply the Enlightenment) is the era in Western philosophy, intellectual, scientific and cultural life, centered upon the 18th century, in which reason was advocated as the primary source for legitimacy and authority. It is also known as the Age of Reason." - Wikipedia
 * Thinkers of the French Enlightenment were by no means agreed in many ares but they all rejected authority as the basis for knowledge. This meant that the Church was rejected as the source of knowledge and therefore of the ryles by which anyone should live.
 * Age of Enlightenment: fall of the church --> the transition from religious and superstitious beliefs to enlightened scientific thinking
 * The novel set in the period of the Age of Enlightenment, many social changes occurred during that period.
 * Enormous growth in population
 * Growth of the wealthy class, thanks to new technologies (the steam engine, metallurgy)
 * Trade with France's colonies in the New World and India.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The new class (called The Third Estate) began to challenge the cultural and social monopoly of the aristocracy


 * //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Church/Religious references //**
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The authority of the Catholic Church was weakened, partly by the conflicts between high and low clergy, partly by the conflict between the State and Jesuits, who were finally expelled from the Kingdom in 1764.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Jean-Baptiste (Jean the Baptist) was decapitated in real life. Hence Grenouille lives under the same name, ending with the same fate.

//**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Wars **// > <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Seven Years' War: AD 1756-1763 · France cedes to Britain all the territory which it has previously claimed between the Mississippi and the Ohio rivers, together with the original territories of New France along the St Lawrence. This brings to an end the French empire in continental America (only New Orleans and its district remain in French hands under the treaty). · The British become unmistakably the dominant power in the northern half of the continent, in one of the major turning points of history.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Greman's occupied Paris during WW2 from 1940-1944.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Seven years war (Frist world war). large scale war affected lots of people but Grenouille spent these 7 years in solitude. Grenouille was learning and building his thoughts whereas France was losing big bucks
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The seven years Greniuolle missed in the cave
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">France planned to invade Britain in 1744 shortly after the declaration of war between them as part of the War of the Austrian Succession. The plan was wrecked and driven back into harbour by violent storms.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Louis XV (15 February 1710 – 10 May 1774) ruled as King of France.

//**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Sanitary/Disease Condition **//
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Paris's chronic lack of potable water caused outbreaks of water-borne diseases well into the 18th Century, since water was available from only a few fountains and wells, and the addition of new water supplies could barely keep up with demand of a growing population.

> How that criminal would meet his death depended on his social status. Noblemen and women were honored with a dignified beheading, Commoners, however, were not afforded the luxury of a quick death.
 * //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Execution - Guillotine //**
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The guillotine became a popular form of execution in France in 1789. It was proposed that all criminals be executed by the same method and that torture should be kept to a minimum. Decapitation was thought to be the least painful and most humane method of execution at the time.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">§ Method of execution: Public execution for large criminals with brutal methods often including flogging and beheading.

//**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Perfumes **//
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In the 18th Century, Colbert imposed perfumes and fragrances on the French court and Europe. Perfumes were mainly used to protect people from the lack of hygienic habits during the time. The French kings Louis XIV and Louis XV were great essences consumers.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In the 18th century perfumes were used to clean and seduce, but they also symbolized one’s upbringings. The manufacturers began to produce prestigious perfume bottles for sweeter perfumes.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Chp 31-40

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Maitre Parfumer at Gantier is an actual company in Paris, and is used in the book. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">They specialized in unusual fragrances.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Prospering of Grasse in the 18th century as a famous perfuming city

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">· Had a prospering perfume industry since the end of the 18th century. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">· The center of the French perfume industry and is known as the world's perfume capital (la capitale mondiale des parfums). <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">· Many "noses" are trained or have spent time in Grasse. It produces over two-thirds of France's natural aromas (for perfume and for food flavourings). <span style="display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Grasse: the best location where Grenioulle learns the process of perfumery.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">- apprenticeships were popular at the time
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">§ Gree\k legend: Amor and Psyche